The Life Of Flannery OConnor Essay - 1099 Words

The impact of an author’s life on their writing is vast. Many people do not see the large influence of an author’s childhood on their writings, but it plays a major role. The life of Flannery O’Connor is no exception to this. The great Catholic lifestyle of her parents helped persuade her writing of, â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find.† Flannery O’Connor is regarded as one of the greatest supporters of Roman Catholic writings in the twentieth century. O’Connor was born in Savannah on March 25th, 1925 and her parents were very devout Catholics. She was raised to always live the Catholic lifestyle. O’Connor was educated at a local parochial school, and after moving to Milledgeville, she continued her education at Peabody Laboratory†¦show more content†¦O’Connor got to know Robert Penn Warren, John Crowe Ransom, Austin Warren, and Andrew Lytle. They are some of the major writers who taught in the programs at the Unive rsity of Iowa. Andrew Lytle became one of the first to like the writings of Flannery O’Connor, and mentored her. Because he was the editor of the Sewanne Review, Lytle published many of O’Connor’s stories, along with some critical reviews of her stories (Gordon 1). Paul Engle was one of the first people to read the first drafts of Wise Blood, O’Connor’s first novel. She won the Rinehart-Iowa Fiction award for this first novel of hers, and was accepted at yaddo. Yaddo is a retreat for artists in Saratoga Springs, New York. She became close friends with Robert Lowell at there. After many months at Yaddo, she moved into the garage apartment of Sally and Robert Fitzgerald. She lived in this Ridgefield, Connecticut apartment for about two years (Gordon 1). In 1950, Flannery O’Connor was diagnosed with lupus. This was an incurable disease, which could only be treated by the use of steroid drugs. She survived the first serious outbreak of the disease, but she had to move out of the apartment and return to Milledgeville. This is where she remained for the rest of her life. She spent much of her days writing, and she even took trips to talk about and read her finished pieces. She wrote many letters to the Fitzgerald’s, Robert Lowell, Caroline Gordon, and many others. She also wrote a greatShow MoreRelatedMary Flannery OConnor: One of the Best Short Story Writers of Her Day684 Words   |  3 Pagesday, Mary Flannery O’Connor was a brilliant writer, and still is, highly acclaimed. Her unique style of writing has a large part in her continued popularity. Ann Garbett states,†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦O’Connor combined religious themes from her Roman Catholic vision with a comically realist character from the rural Protest ant south to create a fiction that is simultaneously serious and comic† (1910). Mary O’Connor Flannery was an extremely talented young author who experienced hardships throughout her short life’ HoweverRead More Flannery OConnors A Good Man is Hard To Find Essay1144 Words   |  5 PagesFlannery O’Connor’s A Good Man Is Hard to Find is one of the most well-known short stories in American history. A Good Man Is Hard to Find is a disturbing short story that exemplifies grace in extremity as well as the threat of an intruder. The story tells of an elderly grandmother and her family who embark on a road trip to Florida. The grandmother is a stubborn old woman with a low sense of morality. While on the trip, the grandmother convinces her son to take a detour which results in a brokenRead More Flannery Oconnor1301 Words   |  6 Pageson how the world was dealing with the changes. Flannery O’Connor, a prominent Catholic writer from the South, was one of the many who examined society and shared their philosophies. O’Connor shocked her twentieth century readers with the haunting style and piercing questions in her short stories and novels, which were centered on a combination of her life experiences, her deep Catholic faith, and the literature of the time. Mary Flannery O’Connor was born in Savannah, Georgia in 1925 into one ofRead MoreFlannery OConnor: A Brief Biography842 Words   |  3 Pageswriter to worry is to take over Gods business.† (O’Connor). This statement is encouraging to all believers in God, knowing that it is coming from a fellow Catholic like Flannery O’Connor. O’Connor is associated with the Christian Realism movement, which is a logical view developed by a theologian, Reinhold Niebuhr, who argued that the Kingdom of God cannot be realized on earth because of the naturally corrupt trends of society (â€Å"Flannery O’Connor†). This movement began in the late 1940’s and alongRead MoreFlannery OConnor 1111 Words   |  5 PagesFlannery O’Connor When writing a piece of literature the content is often influenced from the background of the person who is writing. The author, whether consciously or subconsciously, adds in personal experiences or beliefs into their pieces. Flannery O’Connor is a good example of this trend. Her short stories illustrate the hardships, beliefs, and society at the time she lived and was writing. It is most blatantly demonstrated in her collection of short stories entitled, A Good Man Is HardRead More Flannery OConnor: A Twentieth Century Fiction Writer Essay829 Words   |  4 Pageswritten about Flannery OConnors short stories and novels. There is a significant amount critical analysis about Flannery OConnor because she used so many styles that have not been used before. Flannery OConnor ranks among he most important American fiction writers of the twentieth century. Flannery OConnor was born in 1925 in Savannah, Georgia, and lived there until her family moved in 1938. OConnor and her family moved to a small Georgia farming town named Milledgeville. When Flannery was 15 yearsRead MoreSymbolization in the Good Country People by Flannery OConnor1223 Words   |  5 Pageswritten by Flannery O’Connor in the mid 50’s. The story takes place on farm in Georgia that Mrs. Hopewell owns. Flannery O’Connor uses the characters names and personalities to symbolize that they aren’t really who they think they are. The protagonist Joy-Hulga has a heart condition which and a peg leg. Her heat condition and disability reflects that she is a broken and weak person on the inside. Mrs. Hopewell is Joy-Hulga’s mother, she is very hopeful that her daughter would be something in life but JoyRead MoreFlannery O’Connor Essay1158 Words   |  5 PagesFlannery O’Connor was fond of saying, â€Å"When in Rome, do as you done in Milledgeville.† O’Connor was born in Savannah, Georgia, but spent the bulk of her life in Milledgeville, and it is her Southern heritage that influenced her and made her writing extremely distinctive in the history that is American literature. As a Roman Catholic in the Protestant-majority South, she was often confronted with the differences between the surroundings and herself, a theme that often comes up in her writing. O’ConnorRead MoreFlannery O Connor Is Considered One Of The Most Successful Writer979 Words   |  4 PagesMary Flannery O’Connor is considered one of the most successful short story writers in history. She composed her works during a period of prosperity and economic boom following World War II. Although the economy was thriving, the 1950’s were a period of struggle for women’s rights, as well as other minorities. (Digital History) Based on her success, one could conclude O’Connor exceeded all barriers again st women during the fifties. Flannery O’Connor’s life experiences based on her faith, her novelsRead MoreMary Shelley and Flannery OConnor: Gothic Isolationists1724 Words   |  7 Pagesfiction ceased to be a dominant genre by the Victorian Era. However, in many ways it had now begun to enter into its most ingenious phase. This paper will analyze the influence of Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein on Flannery O’Connor’s work, specifically her novel Wise Blood. Flannery O’Connor emerged as a crucial and contemporary innovator of southern gothic literature. Southern gothic literature is defined as a subgenre of gothic fiction, which originated in the United States during the 20th century

Conflict Identification and Resolution Free Essays

Conflict Identification and Resolution BUS 610: Organizational Behavior Currently I am employed at Bank of America, they [Bank of America] established a new department called the Enterprise Estate Unit where deceased customers accounts are handled. When we the employees were notified that the Enterprise Estate Unit was being established everyone was excited because it was a chance to move into a different line of business. Bank of America associates are not allowed to â€Å"post out† or apply for different positions until they have been at their current position for at leas a year, however when associates were notified about the new department the advice given by human resources was all associates could apply with approval of their manager. We will write a custom essay sample on Conflict Identification and Resolution or any similar topic only for you Order Now With that new information associates (new hires and tenured associates) apply to be in the new department. The conflict arose when new hires were being hired to move to the new department over the tenured associates and the tenured associates did not think that was fair. After complaints were issued to the site leader about new hires being picked over the tenured associates, the site leader had to investigate why new hires were being allowed to post out to different positions. After investigation the site leader found out the information given by the human resource department was incorrect, only associates that had been with the company for a year or more were allowed to apply for the position. Recruiters that interviewed associates for the position also knew that only associates that had been with the company for a year or more could apply for different positions. Poor communication was the cause of this conflict. There was a lack of external communication, the communication between â€Å"the company’s staff and clients, suppliers, and vendors (Kondrat, 2009). † Applications were sent to a third-party recruiting company that did not know the policy of only posting to positions after being with a company for a year. Because employees did not receive clear direction, the rule is that associates could only apply for positions after a year of being with the company, however the posting stated that with supervisor approval, anyone could post for the position. Consequently, employees self managed and created their own rules and priorities, which differed from the organization. Poor communication is a big problem that causes conflict in an organization. Chris Joseph said in his article that in a workplace setting lack of communication leads to conflict, which can harm an organization, and poor communication creates conflict in a number of ways, the types of conflict that could arise due to the lack of communication or the lack of communication are: creating uncertainty, lack of loyalty, and rumors and gossip, (Joseph, 2012). In the situation previously described the two biggest conflicts that arose because of the lack of and poor communication was the lack of loyalty and rumors and gossip, with rumors and gossip being the biggest problem. â€Å"If employees don’t know the intent of their co-workers or the company, they may resort to speculation. Whether rumors develop regarding a company merger or about favoritism toward a single employee, gossip creates a hostile work environment (Baldwin, 2012). Distributing correct information would reduce gossip and also ease employees mind and make them feel like they are valued. In an organization effective communication is an essential element, especially in a successful organization. Effective communication is needed to process and send information, ideas, thoughts and ideas between members of the organization. Lack of loyalty is also a result of lack of communication. A sense of employee identification fosters company loyalty [†¦] With a lack of com munication, your employees may identify less with your organization. They may look elsewhere for a job in which they feel a vested interest (Baldwin, 2012). † The feeling of a lack of loyalty is another conflict that arose due to the lack of communication. Many of the associates that were looked over for the position left Bank of America and found positions with other companies because they felt the time that they invested with the company was not valued. Unfortunately the site leader had to play the role of the â€Å"Devils Advocate† but, the conflict was resolved and certain measures were taken to make sure that a situation like this would not happen again. The site leader did not revoke the position from the new hires that were offered the position in the Enterprise Estate Unit, however the new hires that had interviews scheduled for the position were unable to interview, and the tenured associates that did not get interviews offered to them because the interview quota was filled were able to get interviews and if qualified they were hired. The site leader gathered all of the associates together and made sure associates understood that no matter what postings say that if you [associates] had not been with the company at least a year they were not allowed to apply for positions. Also a new rule was applied, and that rule is that all applications are not allowed to go straight through to the recruiters; they had to go through human resources to make sure the employees are qualified. References Baldwin, A. (2012). Lack of communication as a weakness in organizations. Retrieved from http://www. ehow. com/info_8773766_lack-communication-weakness-organizations. html Joseph, C. (2012). How does a lack of communication cause conflict in the workplace?. Retrieved from http://smallbusiness. chron. com/lack-communication-cause-conflict-workplace-10470. html Kondrat, A. (2009, February 12). Effective communication in the workplace. Retrieved from http://suite101. com/article/effective-communication-at-workplace-a95815 How to cite Conflict Identification and Resolution, Essay examples

Christopher Columbus Voyage Essay Example For Students

Christopher Columbus Voyage Essay 1.Purpose: The Purpose of our expedition is to discover a faster route to the East Indies than what current path there is. I plan on the Voyage to take approximately two weeks give or take a day. Recommended way to finance us by Ferdinand and Isabella by making the city of Palos pays back a debt to the crown then by providing two of the ships, and by getting Italian financial backing for part of the expenses. Then the crown would have to pay very little. 2.Food: A)500 Gallons Water B)10 Gallons Vinegar C)60 Bottles Wine D)30 Gallons Olive Oil E) 5 Gallons Molasses F)50 pounds Cheese G)1 Gallon Honey H)20 pounds Raisins I)100 pounds Rice J)5 Jars Garlic K)10 Jars Almonds L)10 Dozen Sea Biscuits M)30 Pounds Dry Legumes EX: Chick Peas, Lentils, Beans N)4 Barreled Sardines O)3 Barreled Anchovies P)100 pounds Dry Salt Cod Q)200 pounds Pickled Beef and Pork 3. Equipment: A) A fat and slow, designed for hauling cargo with at 18 meter lengths, keel length at 12 meters, beam 6 meters, and a depth of 3 meters from keel to deck and has to have three masts (fore, main, and mizzen), each of which carry one large sail. The foresail and mainsail need to be square; the sail on the mizzen, or rear, mast needs to be a triangular sail known as a lateen. In addition, the ship carry a small square sail on the bowsprit, and small topsail on the mainmast above the mainsail. B) A caravel, a smaller, lighter, and faster ship than the First Ship about length of 17 meters, keel length 13 meters, beam 5 meters, and depth 2 meters with three masts, and most likely carry sails like those of first ship, except for the topsail, and perhaps the spritsail. B) A caravel, a smaller, lighter, and faster ship than the First Ship about length of 17 meters, keel length 13 meters, beam 5 meters, and depth 2 meters with three masts, and most likely carry sails like those of first ship, except for the topsail, and perhaps the spritsail. C) A another caravel with square sails on the fore and main masts with four masts, including a small counter-mizzen at the stern with another lateen sail with the ship length at 15 meters, keel length 12 meters, beam 5 meters, and depth 2 meters. D) Basic EssensialsKnife A personWooden Bowl A personMap 3 to a ship 20 guns to a ship3 cooking pans a ship1000 feet of rope50 Basic ship repair Kits50 First Aid Kits4. Crew of the First Ship:Cristobal Colon (Christopher Columbus), captain-general Juan de la Cosa, owner and master Diego de Arana, master-at-arms Pedro de Gutierrez, royal steward Rodrigo de Escobedo, secretary of the fleet Rodrigo Sanchez, comptroller Diego de Salcedo, servant of Columbus Luis de Torres, interpreter Rodrigo de Jerez Alonso Chocero Alonso Clavijo Andres de Yruenes Antonia de Cuellar, carpenter Bartolome Biues Bartolome de Torres Bartolome Garcia, boatswain Chachu Cristobal Caro, goldsmith Diego Bermudez Diego Perez, painter Domingo de LequeitioDomingo Vizcaino, cooperGonzalo Franco Jacomel RicoJuan, servant Juan de Jerez Juan de la Placa Juan Martines de Acoque Juan de Medina Juan de Moguer Juan Ruiz de la Pena Juan Sanchez, physician Lope, joiner Maestre Juan Marin de Urtubia Pedro de Terreros, cabin b oy Pero Nino, pilot Pedro Yzquierdo Pedro de Lepe Rodrigo Gallego, servant 5. Crew of the Second Ship:Martin Alonso Pinzon, captain Francisco Martin Pinzon, master Cristobal Garcia Xalmiento, pilot Cristobal Quintero, ships owner Francisco Garcia Vallejo Garcia Hernandez, steward Gomez Rascon Juan Bermudez Juan Quintero Juan Rodriquez Bermejo Pedro de Arcos Alonso de Palos Alvaro Perez Anton Calabres Bernal, servant Diego Martin Pinzon Fernando Mendes Francisco Mendes Gil Perez Juan Quadrado Juan Reynal Juan Verde de Triana Juan Vecano Maestre Diego, surgeon Pedro Tegero Sancho de Rama 6. Crew of the Third Ship:Vincente Yanez Pinzon, captain Juan Nino, owner and master Francisco Nino Bartolome Roldan, apprentice pilot Alonso de Morales, carpenter Andres de Huelva Bartolome Garcia, boatswain Diego Lorenzo Fernando de Triana Garcia Alonso Juan Arias, cabin boy Juan Arraes Juan Romero Maestre Alonso, phyiscian Miguel de Soria, servant Pedro de Soria Pero Arraes Pero Sanches Rodrigo Mon ge Sancho Ruiz, pilot Any People without specified Jobs are people need to navigate the boat and other odd jobs.

Tess Of D`Urbervilles By Hardy Essays - Lost Films

Tess Of D`Urbervilles By Hardy In the novel Tess of the D'Urbervilles by Thomas Hardy, Tess is faced with many different levels of happiness, from pure joy to absolute unhappiness. As she moves from location to location, the setting of these places portrays Tess' joy. From her pure happiness at Talbothay's Dairy, to the turning point of Tess's joy at the old D'Urberville house, to her most unforgiving stay at Flintcomb-Ash, to her final contentness before her death at Bramshurst Court, the reader sees atmospheric changes that diminish then climb back up. Hardy thoroughly demonstrates through his descriptions of her surroundings how Tess will feel while stationed in each place. After Tess's life has been torn apart by Alec D'Urberville she needs to seek refuge. By leaving her home town of Marlott, she is able to start her life anew. She escapes to the jovial atmosphere of Talbothay's Dairy. As Tess crosses over the ridge of the hill it seems as though she is switching worlds. Hardy's description portrays the field as "a billiard table of indefinite length" (Hardy 98) with "a carpeted level, which stretched to the east and the west as far as the eye could reach" (97). The land is described as being as limitless as Tess' joy. The area is plush and beautiful, and here, Tess is able to relax and be free of her past. Tess' "whimsical eye" (98)sees "vivid green moss" (98). This gives the area a childlike appeal, as though you can be young and happy while at Talbothay's Dairy. Tess feels warm as she watches the "shadows... with as much care over each contour as if it had been the profile of a Court beauty on a palace wall" (98). Even the cows have a majestic magnetism as the "white [of their horns] reflected the sunshine in dazzling brilliancy" (99). Talbothay's Dairy is glowing with joy and this warmth finds its way to a well-needing Tess. Tess is able to feel happy again and "that she really had laid a new foundation for her future. The conviction bred serenity" (101). This happy feeling continues throughout Tess' stay, as she remeets Angel, and falls in love. After their marriage, Tess and Angel go to live in an old D'Urberville house near Wellbridge Mill. As they are leaving Talbothay's Dairy they hear a cock crow. The crowd immediately thinks of the old wife's tale of an afternoon cock meaning bad luck. While they try to dismiss it saying that it's "not what you think: 'tis impossible!" (Hardy 202), it sets the backdrop for what is to come. The mood and setting upon their arrival to the D'Urberville house are ominous, continuing the cock's effect. Tess is depressed by the house, exclaiming "Those horrid women!" (Hardy 203) when she sees portraits of her ancestors. As the night grew longer "the restful dead leaves of the preceding autumn were stirred to irritated resurrection, and whirled about unwillingly, and tapped against the shutters. It soon began to rain" (Hardy 204). Tess' happiness begins to falter with the rain. She proceeds to tell Angel the story of her past, while "the ashes under the grate were lit by the fire vertically, like a torrid waste" (Hardy 211). Hardy describes the coals in the fire as having "a Last Day luridness" which penetrates to Tess, and results in her separating from Angel. This mysterious atmosphere is portrayed by Hardy in order to be a turning point and start the decrease of Tess' joy . As a result of her past, Angel leaves Tess, and Hardy sends her to work at Flintcomb-Ash. Flintcomb-Ash is shown as a brutally unforgiving place. It is through this dismal atmosphere that Hardy shows when Tess hits the bottom of her happiness. Even while Tess is heading towards Flintcomb-Ash Hardy shows the change. The 'air was dry and cold and the long cart-roads were blown white and dusty within a few hours after the rain" (263). Tess becomes part of the "stroke of raindrops, the burn of sunbeams, and the stress of winds. There is no passion in her now" (262). Tess finds herself approaching an area of "irregular chalk -table land" (263) compared to the lush, green fields of Talbothay's Dairy. She enters the "remains of a village... in a slight depression" (263). The land is horrid with its "stubborn soil" (264) and Tess realizes that "the walls [seem] to be the only friend she [has]" (264). It is appropriate that the village is filled with melancholy descriptions, as this is exactly how Tess

Yellow colour precipitate Essays

Yellow colour precipitate Essays Yellow colour precipitate Essay Yellow colour precipitate Essay This is used in our experiment. 2,4-DNP reacts with the carbonyl group for a condensation reaction with the elimination of a water molecule. Take propanone as an example, The product formed is a yellow colour precipitate, so we can easily distinguish the presence of C=O group. This can also help us to identify the carbonyl compound as the precipitate collected has a sharp melting point. By using the melting point test, we can find out the melting point of the crystals formed and compare the result with a data book to find out the carbonyl compound. 2. Tollens reagent (Aldehyde only) The formula of this reagent is Ag(NH3)2+.As this reagent is not very stable, it must be prepared freshly in laboratory. To prepare the reagent, aqueous ammonia can be added in a continuous fashion directly to silver nitrate solution. At first, silver oxide will be formed and precipitate out, but as more ammonia solution is added the precipitate dissolves and the solution becomes clear as diamminesilver(I) is formed. At this point the addition of the ammonia should be stopped. This reagent is used in the silver mirror test. In this test, when there is the presence of aldehyde group, there would be formation of silver mirror.The equation of this reaction is as below [Ag(NH3)2]+ (aq) + e- i? Ag (s) + 2 NH3 (aq) RCHO (aq) + 3 OH- i? RCOO- + 2 H2O + 2 e- The aldehyde acts as an reducing agent where [Ag(NH3)2]+ was reduced to Ag(S) , the formation of silver mirror. This reaction is very useful to extinguish aldehyde from ketone as ketone does not show this reaction. Silver mirror formed in a flask 3. Fehling reagent Aldehydes are also oxidized by the Fehlings solution. This reagent is also prepared freshly in the laboratory. It is made initially as two separate solutions, known as Fehlings A and Fehlings B.Fehlings A is a blue aqueous solution of copper(II) sulfate, while Fehlings B is a clear solution of aqueous potassium sodium tartrate and a strong alkali (commonly sodium hydroxide). Equal volumes of the two mixtures are mixed together to get the final Fehlings solution, which is a deep blue colour. The Copper (II) ion is reduced to copper (I) oxide which is a red ppt, and in some cases, to copper metal (copper mirror). This is also useful to distinguish aldehyde from ketone and aromatic aldehyde as both ketone and aromatic aldehyde does not show any reaction. Using IR spectrumUsing the IR spectrum, if the compound contains a carbonyl (C=O) group, there will be a stretch in the wave number 1670-1820 with high intensity. Below is the IR spectrum of propanone Other preparation methods of ketones and aldehydes Kornblum-DeLaMare rearrangement The Kornblum-DeLaMare rearrangement is a rearrangement reaction in organic chemistry in which a primary or secondary organic peroxide is converted to the corresponding ketone and alcohol under base catalysis. Geminal halide hydrolysis The reactants are a geminal dihalide and water or a hydroxide. The reaction product is a ketone or an aldehyde.The first part of the reaction mechanism consists of an ordinary nucleophilic aliphatic substitution to produce a gem-halohydrin. Ruzicka Large Ring Synthesis Formation of large ring alicyclic ketones from dicarboxylic acids by thermal decomposition of salts with metals of the second and fourth groups of the periodic table (Ca, Th, Ce) Nef reaction Carbonyl compounds can also be formed using the Nef reaction. The Nef reaction is an organic reaction describing the acid hydrolysis of a salt of a primary or secondary nitroalkane (1) to an aldehyde or a ketone (3) and nitrous oxide (4).Precaution of this experiment 1. Concentrated sulphuric acid is highly corrosive and oxidizing, so it must be handled with care. 2. Acidified potassium dichromate is also very oxidizing, so it should also be treated carefully. 3. If any concentrated sulphuric acid or acidified potassium dichromate are in contact with our skin, we should wash it with running tap water immediately. 4. During the oxidation of propan-2-ol, safety goggles should be worn as this reaction is highly exothermic.Reference: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromic_acid.

History of Photography and the Camera (Timeline)

History of Photography and the Camera (Timeline) Several important achievements and milestones dating back to the ancient Greeks have contributed to the development of cameras and photography.   Here is a brief time timeline of the various breakthroughs with a description of its importance.   5th-4th Centuries B.C. Chinese and Greek philosophers describe the basic principles of optics and the camera. 1664-1666 Isaac Newton discovers that white light is composed of different colors. 1727 Johann Heinrich Schulze discovered that silver nitrate darkened upon exposure to light. 1794 First Panorama opens, the forerunner of the movie house invented by Robert Barker. 1814 Joseph Niepce achieves first photographic image using  an early device for projecting real-life imagery called a  camera obscura. However, the image required eight hours of light exposure and later faded. 1837 Louis Daguerres first daguerreotype, an image that was fixed and did not fade and needed under thirty minutes of light exposure. 1840 First American patent issued in photography to Alexander Wolcott for his camera. 1841 William Henry Talbot patents the Calotype process,  the first negative-positive process making possible the first multiple copies. 1843 The first advertisement with a photograph is published in Philadelphia. 1851 Frederick Scott Archer invented the Collodion process  so that images required only two or three seconds of light exposure. 1859 Panoramic camera, called  the Sutton, is  patented. 1861 Oliver Wendell Holmes invents stereoscope viewer. 1865 Photographs and photographic negatives are added to protected works under copyright law. 1871 Richard Leach Maddox invented the gelatin dry plate silver bromide process, which means negatives no longer had to be developed immediately. 1880 Eastman Dry Plate Company is founded. 1884 George Eastman invents flexible, paper-based photographic film. 1888 Eastman patents Kodak roll-film camera. 1898 Reverend Hannibal Goodwin patents celluloid photographic film. 1900 First mass-marketed camera, called the Brownie, goes on sale. 1913/1914 First 35mm still camera is developed. 1927 General Electric invents the modern flash bulb. 1932 First light meter with photoelectric cell is  introduced. 1935 Eastman Kodak markets Kodachrome film. 1941 Eastman Kodak introduces Kodacolor negative film. 1942 Chester Carlson receives a patent for electric photography (xerography). 1948 Edwin Land launches and  markets the Polaroid camera. 1954 Eastman Kodak introduces high-speed Tri-X film. 1960 EGG develops extreme depth underwater camera for U.S. Navy. 1963 Polaroid introduces the instant color film. 1968 Photograph of the Earth is taken from the moon. The photograph, Earthrise, is considered one of  the most influential environmental photographs ever taken. 1973 Polaroid introduces one-step instant photography with the SX-70 camera. 1977 Pioneers  George Eastman and Edwin Land are  inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame. 1978 Konica introduces the first point-and-shoot autofocus camera. 1980 Sony demonstrates first consumer camcorder for capturing moving picture. 1984 Canon demonstrates first digital electronic still camera. 1985 Pixar introduces the digital imaging processor. 1990 Eastman Kodak announces Photo Compact Disc as a digital image storage medium. 1999 Kyocera Corporation introduces the VP-210 VisualPhone, the worlds first mobile phone with built-in camera for recording videos and still photos.

Analyzing and Discussing Primary and Secondary Source Documents Essay - 1

Analyzing and Discussing Primary and Secondary Source Documents - Essay Example er in the north is able to achieve the very same by choice of employment, and has more intellectual, moral, and physical benefit by being able to have a say in their field of work and in where they live. They also are able to pursue education to a much higher standard than most southern slaves would ever be allowed, and have a set of morals that is embraced by them rather than imposed on them. Despite any benefits that Calhoun may claim, I would argue that they an inherently harmful if they are imposed within the relationship of owner and slave rather than teacher and student or employer and employee. Southerners who were not part of the â€Å"Plantation Aristocracy† still supported slavery because it was a cornerstone of their overall economic system. Without slavery, the southern economy would have to undergo massive hardship and reform, and a new system would require a much larger portion of the white population to work. These people felt that slavery was a basic part of their culture, as well, and defended slavery as a right. Furthermore, the institution of slavery gave southerners greater political power per capita, and thus their votes in Congress were represented more strongly without the input—but with the population strength—of their slaves. Slavery had an effect on every piece of the economic system of the south, as slaveholders had more money to spend because they were able to run their plantations using unpaid labor. This money went into the economy that supported all southerners in their own businesses and endeavors, and a lack of such wealth wou ld lead to a lower amount of disposable income in the entire region. Furthermore, these southerners did not have the moral opposition to slavery that many northerners felt. The lack of abolitionist thought in their religious and moral views led to them being more passively supportive of slavery. Finally, many saw abolition as a northern movement to control the south more directly. This was an expansion of

Contrast Effect Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Contrast Effect - Essay Example According to Six Sigma, quality requires entrepreneurs to look at their own business from the customer's perspective and not be based on their own perspectives. By understanding the transaction from the needs and processes of customers, the company is able to explore on what costumers see and feel. Consequently, marketers can identify areas where significant value or improvement be added. Kotler (2000, p. 36) underscored that customer expectations are relevant key determinants of their satisfaction, consumption experiences, and loyalty. It is wise that marketers need to either meet or exceed such expectations; otherwise, it could lead to customer defection or dissatisfaction. Feldman and Lynch (1988) argued that when customers express their expectations before their consumption experience, it would most likely bring them more convenient during the experience. The same points were emphasized by Morwitz and Fitzsimons (2004); Dholakia and Morwitz (2002); Kardes, Allen, and Pontes (1993 ); and Fitzsimons & Williams (2000) respectively. have less or no knowledge that there will be an upcoming service evaluation process versus those forewarned customers about a service encounter, which later be asked to evaluate the said service; tend to supply higher negative post-experience evaluations (Ofir a

Trends in Fiscal Policy of India Essay Example for Free

Trends in Fiscal Policy of India Essay ABSTRACT This essay traces the major developments in India’s fiscal policy from the early stages of planned development in the 1950s, through the country’s balance of payments crisis of 1991, the subsequent economic liberalisation and rapid growth phase, the response to the global financial crisis of 2008 and the recent post-crisis moves to return to a path of fiscal consolidation. The initial years of India’s planned Development strategy were characterised by a conservative fiscal policy whereby deficits were kept under control. The tax system was geared to transfer resources from the private sector to fund the large public sector driven industrialization process and also cover social welfare schemes. However, growth was anaemic and the system was prone to inefficiencies. In the 1980s some attempts were made to reform particular sectors. But the public debt increased, as did the fiscal deficit. India’s balance of payments crisis of 1991 led to economic liberalisation. The reform of the tax system commenced. The fiscal deficit was brought under control. When the deficit and debt situation again threatened to go out of control in the early 2000s, fiscal discipline legalisations were instituted. The deficit was brought under control and by 2007-08 a benign macro-fiscal situation with high growth and moderate inflation prevailed. During the global financial crisis fiscal policy responded with counter-cyclical measures including tax cuts and increases in expenditures. The post-crisis recovery of the Indian economy is witnessing a correction of the fiscal policy path towards a regime of prudence. In the future, the focus would probably be on bringing in new tax reforms and better targeting of social expenditures. INTRODUCTION Fiscal policy is the means by which a government adjusts its levels of spending in order to monitor and influence a nations economy. It is the sister strategy to monetary policy with which a central bank influences a nations money supply. These two policies are used in various combinations in an effort to direct a countrys economic goals. Here we take a look at how fiscal policy works, how it must be monitored and how its implementation may affect different people in an economy. Fiscal policy deals with the taxation and expenditure decisions of the government.Monetary policy, deals with the supply of money in the economy and the rate of interest.These are the main policy approaches used by economic managers to steer the broad aspects of the economy. In most modern economies, the government deals with fiscal policy while the central bank is responsible for monetary policy. Fiscal policy is composed of several parts. These include, tax policy, expenditure policy, investment or disinvestment strategies and debt or surplus management. Fiscal policy is an important constituent of the overall economic framework of a country and is therefore intimately linked with its general economic policy strategy. For example, if taxes were to increase, consumers would have less disposable income and in turn would have less money to spend on goods and services. This difference in disposable income would go to the government instead of going to consumers, who would pass the money onto companies. Or, the government could choose to increase government spending by directly purchasing goods and services from private companies. This would increase the flow of money through the economy and would eventually increase the disposable income available to consumers. Unfortunately, this process takes time, as the money needs to wind its way through the economy, creating a significant lag between the implementation of fiscal pol icy and its effect on the economy. In broad term fiscal policy refers to that segment of national economic policy which is primarily concerned with the receipts and expenditure of central government. The importance of fiscal policy is high in underdeveloped countries. The state has to play active and important role. In a democratic society direct methods are not approved. So, the government has to depend on indirect methods of regulations. In this way, fiscal policy is a powerful weapon in the hands of government by means of which it can achieve the objectives of development. BASIC CONCEPTS : A spending item is a capital expenditure if it relates to the creation of an asset that is likely to last for a considerable period of time and includes loan disbursements. Such expenditures are generally not routine in nature. By the same logic a capital receipt arises from the liquidation of an asset including the sale of government shares in public sector companies (disinvestments), the return of funds given on loan or the receipt of a loan. This again usually arises from a comparatively irregular event and is not routine. In contrast, revenue expenditures are fairly regular and generally intended to meet certain routine requirements like salaries, pensions, subsidies, interest payments, and the like. Revenue receipts represent regular earnings for instance tax receipts and non-tax revenues including from sale of telecom spectrums. There are various ways to represent and interpret a government’s deficit. The simplest is the revenue deficit which is just the difference between revenue receipts and revenue expenditures. Revenue Deficit = Revenue Expenditure – Revenue Receipts (that is Tax + Non-tax Revenue) A more comprehensive indicator of the government’s deficit is the fiscal deficit. This is the sum of revenue and capital expenditure less all revenue and capital receipts other than 6loans taken. This gives a more holistic view of the government’s funding situation since it gives the difference between all receipts and expenditures other than loans taken to meet such expenditures. Fiscal Deficit = Total Expenditure (that is Revenue Expenditure + Capital Expenditure) –(Revenue Receipts + Recoveries of Loans + Other Capital Receipts (that is all Revenue and Capital Receipts other than loans taken)) â€Å"The gross fiscal deficit (GFD) of government is the excess of its total expenditure, current and capital, including loans net of recovery, over revenue receipts (including external grants) and non-debt capital receipts.† The net fiscal deficit is the gross fiscal deficit reduced by net lending by government (Dasgupta and De, 2011). The gross primary deficit is the GFD less interest payments while the primary revenue deficit is the revenue deficit less interest payments. ARCHITECTURE: The Indian Constitution provides the overarching framework for the country’s fiscal policy. India has a federal form of government with taxing powers and spending responsibilities being divided between the central and the state governments according to the Constitution. There is also a third tier of government at the local level. Since the taxing abilities of the states are not necessarily commensurate with their spending responsibilities, some of the centre’s revenues need to be assigned to the state governments. To provide the basis for this assignment and give medium term guidance on fiscal matters, the Constitution provides for the formation of a Finance Commission (FC) every five years. Based on the report of the FC the central taxes are devolved to the state governments. The Constitution also provides that for every financial year, the government shall place before the legislature a statement of its proposed taxing and spending provisions for legislative debate an d approval. This is referred to as the Budget. The central and the state governments each have their own budgets. The central government is responsible for issues that usually concern the country as a whole like national defense, foreign policy, railways, national highways, shipping, airways, post and telegraphs, foreign trade and banking. The state governments are responsible for other items including, law and order, agriculture, fisheries, water supply and irrigation, and public health. Some items for which responsibility vests in both the Centre and the states include forests, economic and social planning, education, trade unions and industrial disputes, price control and electricity. There is now increasing devolution of some powers to local governments at the city, town and village levels. The taxing powers of the central government encompass taxes on income (except agricultural income), excise on goods produced (other than alcohol), customs duties, and inter-state sale of goods. The state governments are vested with the power to tax agricultural income, land and buildings, sale of goods (other than inter-state), and excise on alcohol. Besides the annual budgetary process, since 1950, India has followed a system of five-year plans for ensuring long-term economic objectives. This process is steered by the Planning Commission for which there is no specific provision in the Constitution. The main fiscal impact of the planning process is the division of expenditures into plan and non-plan components. The plan components relate to items dealing with long-term socioeconomic goals as determined by the ongoing plan process. They often relate to specific schemes and projects. Furthermore, they are usually routed through central ministries to state governments for achieving certain desired objectives. These funds are generally in addition to the assignment of central taxes as determined by the Finance Commissions. In some cases, the state governments also contribute their own funds to the schemes. Non-plan expenditures broadly relate to routine expenditures of the government for administration, salaries, and the like. While these institutional arrangements initially appeared adequate for driving the development agenda, the sharp deterioration of the fiscal situation in the 1980s resulted in the balance of payments crisis of 1991, which would be discussed later. Following economic liberalization in 1991, when the fiscal deficit and debt situation again seemed to head towards unsustainable levels around 2000, a new fiscal discipline framework was instituted. At the central level this framework was initiated in 2003 when the Parliament passed the Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act (FRBMA). Taxes are the main source of government revenues. Direct taxes are so named since they are charged upon and collected directly from the person or organization that ultimately pays the tax (in a leg al sense).Taxes on personal and corporate incomes, personal wealth and professions are direct taxes. In India the main direct taxes at the central level are the personal and corporate income tax. Both are till date levied through the same piece of legislation, the Income Tax Act of 1961. Income taxes are levied on various head of income, namely, incomes from business and professions, salaries, house property, capital gains and other sources (like interest and dividends).Other direct taxes include the wealth tax and the securities transactions tax. Some other forms of direct taxation that existed in India from time to time but were removed as part of various reforms include the estate duty, gift tax, expenditure tax and fringe benefits tax. The estate duty was levied on the estate of a deceased person. The fringe benefits tax was charged on employers on the value of in-kind non-cash benefits or perquisites received by employees from their employers. Such perquisites are now largely taxed directly in the hands of employees and added to their personal income tax. Some states charge a tax on professions. Most local governments also charge property owners a tax on land and buildings. Indirect taxes are charged and collected from persons other than those who finally end up paying the tax (again in a legal sense). For instance, a tax on sale of goods is collected by the seller from the buyer. The legal responsibility of paying the tax to government lies with the seller, but the tax is paid by the buyer. The current central level indirect taxes are the central excise (a tax on manufactured goods), the service tax, the customs duty (a tax on imports) and the central sales tax on inter-state sale of goods. The main state level indirect tax is the post-manufacturing (that is wholesale and retail levels) sales tax (now largely a value added tax with intra-state tax credit). The complications and economic inefficiencies of this multiple cascading taxation across the economic value chain (necessitated by the constitutional assignment of taxing powers) are discussed later in the context of the proposed Goods and Services Tax (GST). EVOLUTION (TILL 1991) India commenced on the path of planned development with the setting up of the Planning Commission in 1950. That was also the year when the country adopted a federal Constitution with strong unitary features giving the central government primacy in terms of planning for economic development (Singh and Srinivasan, 2004). The subsequent planning process laid emphasis on strengthening public sector enterprises as a means to achieve economic growth and industrial development. The resulting economic framework imposed administrative controls on various industries and a system of licensing and quotas for private industries. Consequently, the main role of fiscal policy was to transfer private savings to cater to the growing consumption and investment needs of the public sector. Other goals included the reduction of income and wealth inequalities through taxes and transfers, encouraging balanced regional development, fostering small scale industries and sometimes influencing the trends in econ omic activities towards desired goals (Rao and Rao, 2006). In terms of tax policy, this meant that both direct and indirect taxes were focussed on extracting revenues from the private sector to fund the public sector and achieve redistributive goals. The combined centre and state tax revenue to GDP ratio increased from 6.3 percent in 1950-51 to 16.1 percent in 1987-88.For the central government this ratio was 4.1 percent of GDP in 1950-51 with the larger share coming from indirect taxes at 2.3 percent of GDP and direct taxes at 1.8 percent of GDP. Given their low direct tax levers, the states had 0.6 percent of GDP as direct taxes and 1.7 percent of GDP as indirect taxes in 1950-51. The government authorised a comprehensive review of the tax system culminating in the Taxation Enquiry Commission Report of 1953. However, the government then invited the British economist Nicholas Kaldor to examine the possibility of reforming the tax system. Kaldor found the system inefficient and inequitable given the narrow tax base and inadequate reporting o f property income and taxation. He also found the maximum marginal income tax rate at 92 percent to be too high and suggested it be reduced to 45 percent. In view of his recommendations, the government revived capital gains taxation, brought in a gift tax, a wealth tax and an expenditure tax (which was not continued due to administrative complexities) (Herd and Leibfritz, 2008). Despite Kaldor’s recommendations income and corporate taxes at the highest marginal rate continued to be extraordinarily high. In 1973-74, the maximum rate taking in to account the surcharge was 97.5 percent for personal income above Rs. 0.2 million. The system was also complex with as many as eleven tax brackets. The corporate income tax was differential for widely held and closely held companies with the tax rate varying from 45 to 65 percent for some widely held companies. Though the statutory tax rates were high, given a large number of special allowances and depreciation, effective tax rates were much lower. The Direct Taxes Enquiry Committee of 1971 found that the high tax rates encouraged tax evasion. Following its recommendations in 1974-75 the personal income tax rate was brought down to 77 percent but the wealth tax rate was increased. The next major simplification was in 1985-86 when the number of tax brackets was reduced from eight to four and the highest income tax rate was brought down to 50 percent. In indirect taxes, a major component was the central excise duty. This was initially used to tax raw materials and intermediate goods and not final consumer goods. But by 1975-76 it was extended to cover all manufactured goods. The excise duty structure at this time was complicated and tended to distort economic decisions. Some commodities had specific duties while others had ad valorem rates. The tax also had a major †cascading effect‟ since it was imposed not just on final consumer goods but also on inputs and capital goods. In effect, the tax on the input was again ta xed at the next point of manufacture resulting in double taxation of the input. Considering that the states were separately imposing sales tax at the post-manufacturing wholesale and retail levels, this cascading impact was considerable. The Indirect Tax Enquiry Report of 1977 recommended introduction of input tax credits to convert the cascading manufacturing tax into a manufacturing value added tax (MANVAT). Instead, the modified value added tax (MODVAT) was introduced in a phased manner from 1986 covering only selected commodities. The other main central indirect tax is the customs duty. Given that imports into India were restricted, this was not a very large source of revenue. The tariffs were high and differentiated. Items at later stages of production like finished goods were taxed at higher rates than those at earlier stages, like raw materials. Rates also differed on the basis of perceived income elasticities with necessities taxed at lower rates than luxury goods. In 1985-86 the government presented its Long-Term Fiscal Policy stressing on the need to reduce tariffs, have fewer rates and eventually remove quantitative limits on imports. Some reforms were attempted but due to revenue raising considerations the tariffs in terms of the weighted average rate increased from 38 percent in 1980-81 to 87 percent in 1989-90. By 1990-91 the tariff structure had a range of 0 to 400 percent with over 10 percent of imports subjected to tariffs of 120 percent or more. Further complications arose from exemptions granted outside the budgetary process.In 1970-71, direct taxes contributed to around 16 percent of the central government’s revenues, indirect taxes about 58 percent and the remaining 26 percent came from nontax revenues. By 1990-91, the share of indirect taxes had increased to 65 percent, direct taxes shrank to 13 percent and non-tax revenues were at 22 percent. COMPOSITION OF CENTRAL GOVERNMENT REVENUES (1970-71): SOURCE: , http://dbie.rbi.org.in (Reserve Bank of India, 2011) COMPOSTION OF CENTRAL GOVERNMENT REVENUES(1990-91): SOURCE: , http://dbie.rbi.org.in (Reserve Bank of India, 2011) India’s expenditure norms remained conservative till the 1980s. From 1973-74 to 1978-79 the central government continuously ran revenue surpluses. Its gross fiscal deficit also showed a slow growth with certain episodes of downward movements.The state governments also ran revenue surpluses from 1974-75 to 1986-87, barring only 1984-85. Thereafter, limited reforms in specific areas including trade liberalisation, export promotion and investment in modern technologies were accompanied by increased expenditures financed by domestic and foreign borrowing (Singh and Srinivasan, 2004). The central revenue deficit climbed from 1.4 percent of GDP in 1980-81 to 2.44 percent of GDP by 1989-90. Across the same period the centre‟s gross fiscal deficit (GFD) climbed from 5.71 percent to 7.31 percent of GDP. Though the external liabilities of the centre fell from 7.16 percent of GDP in 1982-83 to 5.53 percent of GDP by 1990-91, in absolute terms the liabilities were large. Across the same period the total liabilities of the centre and the states increased from 51.43 percent of GDP to 64.75 percent of GDP. This came at the cost of social and capital expenditures. The interest component of aggregate central and state government disbursements reflects this quite clearly. The capital disbursements decreased from around 30 percent in 1980-81 to about 20 percent by 1990-91. In contrast, the interest component increased from around 8 percent to about 15 percent across the same period.Within revenue expenditures, in 1970-71, defence expenditures had the highest share of 34 percent; interest component was 19 percent while subsidies were only 3 percent. However, by 1990-91, the largest component was the interest share of 29 percent with subsidies constituting 17 percent and defence only 15 percent. Therefore, besides the burden of servicing the public debt, the subsidy burden was also quite great. While India‟s external debt and expenditure patterns were heading for unsustainable levels, the proximate causes of the balance of payments crisis came from certain unforeseen external and domestic political events. The First Gulf War caused a spike in oil prices leading to a sharp increase in the government‟s fuel subsidy burden. Furthermore, the assassination of former Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi increased political uncertainties leading to the withdrawal of some foreign funds. The subsequent economic reforms changed the Indian economy forever. LIBERALIZATION ,GROWTH ,INCLUSION AND FISCAL CONSOLIDATION (1991-2008): Following the balance of payments crisis of 1991, the government commenced on a path of economic liberalisation whereby the economy was opened up to foreign investment and trade, the private sector was encouraged and the system of quotas and licences was dismantled. Fiscal policy was re-oriented to cohere with these changes. The Tax Reforms Committee provided a blue print for reforming both direct and indirect taxes. Its main strategy was to reduce the proportion of trade taxes in total tax revenue, increase the share of domestic consumption taxes by converting the excise into a VAT and enhance the contribution of direct taxes to total revenue. It recommended reducing the rates of all major taxes, minimizing exemptions and deductions, simplifying laws and procedures, improving tax administration and increasing computerisation and information system modernisation. As a part of the subsequent direct tax reforms, the personal income tax brackets were reduced to three with rates of 20, 30 and 40 percent in 1992-93. Financial assets were removed from the imposition of wealth tax and the maximum rate of wealth tax was reduced to 1 percent. Personal income tax rates were reduced again to 10, 20, and 30 percent in 1997-98. The rates have largely remained the same since with the exemption limit being increased and slab structure raised from time to time. A subsequent 2 percent surcharge to fund education was later made applicable to all taxes. The basic corporate tax rate was reduced to 50 percent and the rates for different closely held companies made uniform at 55 percent. In 1993-94, the distinction between the closely held and the widely held companies was removed and the uniform tax rate was brought down to 40 percent. The rate was further reduced to 35 percent with a 10 percent tax on distributed dividends in 1997-98 (Rao and Rao, 2006). Despite these reforms, the tax system continued to have preferential exemptions and deductions as tax incentives for various socio-economic goals including location of industries in backward areas, export promotion and technology development. This led to the phenomenon of „zero-tax companies‟ whereby imaginative arrangements were use to leverage all these tax incentives with an intent to minimise tax liabilities. To counter this trend,the Minimum Alternative Tax (MAT) was introduced in 1996-97. It required a company to pay a minimum of 30 percent of book profits as tax. Further attempts to expand the tax base and increase revenues were the introduction of the securities transaction tax (STT) in 2004 and the fringe benefit tax (FBT) in the budget of 2005-06 In indirect taxes, the MODVAT credit system for excise was expanded to cover most commodities and provide a comprehensive credit system by 1996-97. The eleven rates were merged into three with a few luxury items subject to additional non-rebatable tax in 1999-2000. In 2000-01, the three rates were merged in to a single rate and renamed as central VAT (CENVAT). There remained three additional excises of 8, 16 and 24 percent. In case of custom duties, in 1991-92 all duties on non-agriculture goods that were above 150 percent were brought down to this rate. The „peak rate‟ was brought down to 40 percent in 1997-98, 30 percent in 2002-03, 25 percent in 2003-04, and 15 percent in 2005-06. The number of major duty rates was also brought down from 22 in 1990-91 to 4 in 2003-04. These four rates covered almost 90 percent of customs collected from items. This period also saw the introduction of the service tax in 1994-95, which was subsequently expanded to cover more and more services. Given that the Indian economy was having an increasingly large service component this increasingly became a major source of revenue. Eventually, provisions were made for allowing input tax credits for both goods and services at the central indirect tax level. Despite the reforms in central taxes, even after the economic reforms of 1991, state government tax reforms were inadequate and sporadic. A major move in this direction was the coordinated simplification of the state sales tax system in 1999. This eventually led to the introduction of a VAT in 21 states in 2005. The value added tax gives credit to taxes paid on inputs and provides relief from cascading. Implemented at the retail level this replaced the cascading sales tax providing great relief to consumers and traders alike while enhancing the revenues of the state government. The administrative design of the VAT ensures reporting of inputs and outputs resulting in substantial reduction in tax evasion. The basic features of the tax include two rates of 4 percent for common consumption commodities and inputs and 12.5 percent for the others. Some essential items are exempted and precious metals are taxed at 1 percent. The credit system covers inputs and purchases as also capital goods for manufacturers as well as dealers. Credit for capital goods taxes can be availed over three years of sales. The tax credit operates fully only for intra-state sales (Rao and Rao, 2006). This is a major hindrance to the formation of a smooth nationwide market and is to be addressed by the proposed Goods and Services Tax (GST). In consonance with the tax reform plans, the sources of central government revenue shifted from indirect taxes towards direct taxes. In 1995-96, about 54 percent of revenues came from indirect taxes while around 20 percent were from direct taxes (Figure 8). In 2000-01, the share of indirect taxes had gone down dramatically to around 45 percent while the contribution from direct taxes had increased to about 26 percent (Figure 9). By 2005-06, indirect taxes accounted for approximately 43 percent while the direct taxes share was about 35 percent.

Role of Prisons in Reducing Recidivism Essay -- Argumentative Persuasi

Role of Prisons in Reducing Recidivism The role of prisons and prison wardens in reducing recidivism is a major concern today. With programs initialized in the prison systems, recidivism rates still have stayed about the same for forty years. Almost two-thirds of prisoners will be arrested after their release, and of those, half will return to prison for a new crime. The obstacle faced by professionals to change behavior is a multi-layered complex problem that needs to be addressed in our society today. Different views and opinions are given, and they do not lesson the impact of each other, but a multi-dimensional program should be utilized to achieve the goal of recidivism. Professor Alex Holsinger of the University of Missouri states that each individual has a responsibility for his or her behavior and not to look at the penal system for absolute rehabilitation. The recidivism studies tend to clump entire criminal behavior into one study and do not look at all the different criminal offenses separately. For example, chronic drunk driving behavior and shoplifting behavior s...

The Impact of Telecom Services Packages Advertisement on the Social Values of Pakistani Youth

the impact of telecom services packages advertisement on the social values of Pakistani youth Abstract This study will try to investigate the impact of telecom services packages like late night call & unlimited sms on the social values of Pakistani youth. As now a day’s cellular companies are mainly targeting youth through their advertisements and want the youth to get indulge in these activities in return increase their sales but the point is up to what extent youth showing receptiveness and emotional attachment to these packages. Study was conducted in 3 universities Iqra, Bahria & Foundation with the sample of 150 respondents, convenient sampling technique is used & results are measured using multiple regression test. Major findings concluded that cellular advertisements of unlimited sms & late night call packages have a positive impact on youth. Keywords: advertisements, call packages, sms, social values, youth, cellular services Background Now a days there are many packages existing in market with special discounts & unlimited sms & late night call packages have been introduced, so due to this reason the providers of cellular services are having a closer look for the migration of Personal computer consumers to become the cell phone user e. g. â€Å"GPRS rates have gone down, for example you can send hundreds of text messages per day to any network in the country†. (Omar Aijaz, 2008) was of the view that late night call packages mostly targeted youth that influences mostly at the 11th hour of might to early in the morning round about at 7. Mostly all telecom services companies are doing so like WaridTelecom providing night package with the name infinite craze or zem nites similarly Mobilinktelecom night package as raat shuru baat shuru etc. Likewise youth is mature and now parents don’t take a closer look at their children’s as the parents look at the things in different view as compared to the youth so as a result definitely positive or negative things are also perceived in different manners. The packages that were previously discussed in any case surely have affects on the study, healthy life and business life of youth due to staying up long at nights. (Omar Aijaz, 2008), furthermore the students (youth) will let their peers know about these services â€Å"word of mouth† is started we can say peer education begins and one can say immature group of humans acting as profession to teach different or additional immature group of humans (Clements, I and Buczkiewicz, M. 1993), and students are discussing their academic work even on sms. Cell phones nowadays considered by youth as â€Å"symbol of independence† (Babar Bhatti, 2008) they develop their own social groups and are able to elaborate or make one’s self owned body of words to communicate in the social gathering that is far from unnecessarily curious sight of their guardian (father and mother). These services are now utilized by youth in larger numbers i-e 24 hours and 7 days a week and still continues and more over has been made as a â€Å"the traditional amount of contact permitted before marriage†. Conversations are mainly done in bedrooms e. g. sms or late night call packages. Youth is making social ties away from their families and the interaction betwixt the guardians (mother and father) and their children’s came into being as not personal, so if someone says that love is in the environment or surrounding seems like it’s being in accordance of the surrounding because mobile carry texts related to romance and youth are focusing to the usage of these cellular services for the maintenance of their close and loveable relational ties. Cellular companies are â€Å"grabbing our new generation, these free night packages services provided by our Cellular Companies have become a great pleasure/encouragement to people like who aren’t responsible at all†, and looks like beyond morals because whole night indulging in these kind of activities affects are culture and traditions. (Babar Bhatti, 2008). In Pakistan services related to cellular’s started in the 1990’s where telephone licenses for mobile services were assigned to PakistanTelecom and PakistanCommunication known as the Insta Phone for the clause as a legal instrument of providing telephony services through mobiles. As a result now five companies that are providing cellular services exists in Pakistan namely as Ufone, Zong, Warid, Telenor & Mobilink. (Balaji et al. , 2005) perceived and found that currently companies related to mobiles now focusing for the building of having a broad way plan of action to satisfy the consumers for the ongoing services that dominates amusement, & â€Å"preventing loss of royalties in their services and maintaining customer retention†. â€Å"Ideas associated with ‘risk society’ have become part of the rganizing ground, which serves to define and order the ‘personal’ and social spaces’ integral to its ‘youth problem† (Epstein, 1998), so risk of misusing these late night call packages and unlimited sms usage is always there and furthermore friend finder is another service launched by cellular companies affecting social values of youth. Abstracts standards or empirical variables which are present in social life beli eved to be important or/and desirable (Mondofacto and medical dictionary, 1998). What follows is an exploration of this idea both for understanding agency in youth, and for further developing the aims and objectives of a critical sociology of youth (Furlong, 1997), psychological effect is there and youth is emotionally attached to these services now. (Morris and Venkatesh, 2000) were of the view that â€Å"Age has been of significant interest to social psychologists as well as marketers in the past†, these cellular companies are mainly targeting youth for subscription of late night call packages and unlimited sms. SMS was built into the European Global System for Mobile (GSM) working as an additional capability. (Goggin, Gerard, 2005) Now in many countries SMS perceived as cheap, utilized as one-to-one, or one-to-many, mostly communication is done leisure. New culture of media use started by young people thorough SMS but In Hong Kong, for instance, SMS was not accepted too quickly because voice mobile (Spurgeon, 2005) call charges were relatively cheap. Many industries are now interested to use this technology as may telecom services industries are doing so, specially new entrants Zong Is focusing on this strategy. Capitalizing on this unexpected boon, (Christine, 2005) mobile carriers are seeking to position MMS (multimedia services) as the successor to SMS, supported by heavy marketing to promote consumer adoption of new mobile phones with picture and video capacity. † Literature Review Attracting consumers of different cultures & having different social values marked as a challenge for international advertisers. On the other hand (Kothani, 1988; Dahringer, 1991) at a gradual pace service businesses are contributing to grow in the enclosed area internationally. These strategies for people (youth) of different cultures & social values arguments that there is need to understood the marketing internationally that is marked as immediately noticeable and has strong impression, similarly broad way plan of action for advertisement is also required for the services, and on the other hand as well as domestic advertising growth strategies should become compulsory for companies like cellular services. The research in remote period of time suggests that advertisement of mobiles that is focused towards the act of permitting worthy of being accepted as compared to the several different advertisement (Barwise P. and C. Strong, 2002) interpreting consumers find pleasant by undergoing in the presence of to exercise authoritative change of thought, messages, or information as by speech, signals, writing or behavior. Research will determine that our youth get attracted by mobile music services advertisements and use it for entertainment purpose. The word Qos can explain in terms of â€Å"the collective effect of service performances, which determine the degree of satisfaction of a user of the service†. (Wu, 2000) was of the view that user-perceived QoS becomes of vital importance due to the advancement in mobile technology therefore customers expectation increased in view of wireless technologies. Therefore in this current scenario exertions of the strength developed for the explanation of Qos with additional detail considering consumer perspectives and make a linkage of a belief for the particular parameters of cellular structure in form of concept (Saliba et al. 2005). Moreover there are implications of studies which conclude that â€Å"effective network performances, wired and wireless†, are of major importance in satisfying customer experiences as compared to characteristics of the network, if we emphasize on the importance of experienced consumers in context of notion of QoS (Saliba et al. , 2005) cellular companies are focusing on improving their services to a level at which customers become satisfied for better communication like unlimited sms & late night call packages. Quality is defined as the overall excellence or superiority that consumers perceive from a product/service† (Zeithaml, 1988). (Cronin et al. , 2000) explained that â€Å"Consumer perceptions of service quality, value and satisfaction have been extensively studied as antecedents of loyalty intention†. On the other hand, satisfaction is defined as â€Å"a mediator between quality and/or value and customer retention† (Parasuraman and Grewal, 2000; McDougall and Levesque, 2000; Olsen, 2002). In this context cellular services companies are focusing to retain their customers (youth) by giving quality services with timely delivery of unlimited sms package. Population should be literate who will understand the advertised messages, therefore there is a need of hour that population must be of right age & right gender & must have sufficient funds or sum of money to consume the products & services which are offered in the market (Dyer, 1995). (Brierly, 1995) said that most people just take 1. 5 seconds to read a printed advertisement so advertisement must be made precise & brief. On the other hand the social groups identifies themselves on the basis of same attitudes, shared consumption patterns (Goldman, 1992). Advertisers focus on the group they want to focus for instance woman’s found to be in a homogenous groups & advertisements mostly made in the house for household items. This variable Mobile advertisement helps us to find out the impact of mobile advertisements on social values of youth. Advertisement of the mobiles seems as pleasing to the sight of the customer due to its less amount and strong infiltration (Barwise P. nd C. Strong, 2002) plus the people realted to advertisement made vigilant alerts, call, audio and video texts and messages also communicative streaming of videos are made in order to grasp chances and consumers usually with the help of developing the messaging personalized from. In today’s world cellular services are attracting more customers by introducing services like late night call packages and unlimited sms, making attractive advertisements and commercials e. g. Mobilink Raat Shuru Baat Shuru slogans. The mobile entertainment industry acts as a foundation of m-commerce (Tsalgatidou and Pitoura 2001; Panis et al. , 2002); Maciness et al. 2002). One more thing left which is acting as an indicator i-e what attracts and influence our youth in deciding to adopt cellular service and what specific features they would like a mobile entertainment application to offer (Balasubramanian et al. , 2002). Researching on the study of Consumer behavior is vital towards increasing the pace in diffusion and consumer acceptance of using m-commerce services (Green et al. 001; Nohria and Leetsma 2001; Barnes 2002; Koivumaki2002; Vrechopoulos et al. 2002). It is proposed that the attached emotions with the cellular’s or mobiles can be named as a key that has an impact on the newly born latest services for the admission in the future prospects (Vincent, 2006). Consumer receptiveness is critical in finding out whether people accept the advertisement or not. (Swaminathan et al. , 1996) was of the vi ew that advertisements classified mainly as â€Å"(cognition or affect)† So in these scopes emotional dvertisements means serving advertisements to focus â€Å"elicit affective responses† (Aaker and Stayman, 1992). However, most studies concluded that emotional responses which are positive results in positive advertisement and generally in brand responses, whereas advertisements which are get reacted through cognitive reactions are affected much positively through the help of advertising that is un emotional in nature that has power of attracting in contrast to advertisements that are emotional in nature (De Pelsmacker et al. 2002, 2005). If we look cellular’s through view of product extension they are currently extensions of own (Hulme, 2003; Lasen, 2004; Vincent et. al, 2005; Wehmeyer, 2007), and considered as showing similarity in the condition of being deprived of extension (Hulme, 2003), consumers currently view them as unavoidable so as a result attachment to these cellular devices has increased as users intended to arouse the emotions with these cells. (Fox, 2001; Lasen 2004, 2005; Vincent et. l, 2005, 2006; Wehmeyer, 2007). Cellular services are increasing rapidly as building upon premise that leave its foot prints on future acceptance of new services Vincent’s (2006). However, there exists a lacking rigidly accurate speculation in addition to that verifiable scientific investigation when viewing commercial functions involved in transferring goods from producers to consumers with act of implicating the act of using commerce through mobile or cell (Balasubramanian et. l, 2002) and consumer behavior viewing the act of using commerce through mobile not being marked as title of enough scientific investigation (Green et al. 2001; Ramsay 2001;Barnes 2002). There is a bulk of researches and discussions on the emerging business models of mobile entertainment industry which acts as a trusted market in m-commerce (Tsalgatidou and Pito ura 2001; Maciness et al. 2002, Panis et al. 2002), and there we can still be able to find out indicators i-e what influences consumers in their decision to accept and adopt cellular music services (Balasubramanian, Peterson and Jarvenpaa 2002). Moreover, emotional feeling of affection also determines the cellular device in managing the person confidential as well as life relating to emotions(Henley management college, 2003), we will try to scrutinize in view of customers willingness to accept the advertisement of cellular’s or not. If we view pure services from a nature perspective they are intangible; means are not capable to be grasping or touched psychologically (Bateson, 1979). Therefore the participation of a articular branch of learning, science or art regarding morality principals with relative worth, rules of right conduct main beliefs with the help of honest principles inside commerce (Paine, L. S. , 1996) are must for cellular companies to focus as a basic research area in business ethics. Low impact on moral values of the youth & help youth to become emotionally socialize well as, Cutler and Javalgi (1993) founded that ads are targeted emotionally by the service advertisers, Similarly (Abernethy, D. D. and Butler, A. M. , 1994) marked partial digits that belongs to knowledge communicated stimuli utilization belonging to services provider, so cellular companies must focus on providing the in depth detail of services offered that has an valid positive impact on youth, so the dependent variable social values will explain how youth get influenced by these services & use these services in their social groups. Framework of This Study Cellular Advertisement | |Social values | |Consumer receptiveness | |Consumer Attachment | This study hypothesizes the followings: 1. HO: Is there any relationship between dependent and independent variables? 2. H1: Is there a positive impact of telecom services late night call and unlimited sms packages advertisement on the social values of Pakistani Youth? 3. H2: Is there a negative impact of telecom services late night call and unlimited sms packages advertisement on the social values of Pakistani Youth? Method The study was carried out during the short period from September 2009 to January 2010. In this study Students from 3 universities i-e Iqra University, Bahria University and Foundation University are selected as the target population. The questionnaire were developed using the five point Likert scale, for this purpose. The questioners were distributed to about 00 students out of which reliable results were obtained from 150 students. To keep the validity and importance of the study, all the questionnaires were self administered and assisted, helping students in case of any queries. As a result received datum systematically arranged; in addition to this with the absence of every all comparatively small numeric symbol, sheet of Statistical packages for the social sciences formed and multiple linear regressions was utilized for hypoth esis testing with the help of Statistical packages for the social sciences software version number 16. to find the relationship betwixt variable that are independent and dependents in nature. Result and Discussion: KEY: Co-efficient, Parenthesis (Standard Error), Brackets (t-value) and in italic (P-Value) TABLE |Constant |Attachment |Advertisement |Receptiveness |R Square |F | | |(IV1) |(IV2) |(IV3) | | | |1. 352 |-. 018 |. 95 |. 000 |. 662 |95. 200 | |(. 148) |(. 030) |(. 030) |(. 024) | | | |[9. 115] |[-. 593] |[16. 693] |[-. 028] | | | |. 000 |. 554 |. 000 |. 978 | |. 000 | Results obtained show that as an individual co-effients ? in case of each and every variable indicates a positive result overall. The investigation of this research shows that social issues regarding youth are positively affirmative as well as powerful correlation is seen with advertisement i. e. the independent variable. Whole analysis shows that the variable advertisement which is independent in nature influences social values and gives a significant result as P< . 05, F = 95. 200 and the R Square > . 65 whereas the standard error

Deception Point Page 81

â€Å"As you know,† the CIA director went on, his tone sharpening, â€Å"all U.S. government entities who deal with sensitive intelligence information are governed by strict rules of secrecy-military, CIA, NSA, NRO-all of them must abide by stringent laws regarding the concealment of the data they glean and the technologies they develop. I ask you all, yet again, why NASA-the agency currently producing the largest portion of cutting-edge aerospace, imaging, flight, software, reconnaissance, and telecom technologies used by the military and intelligence community-exists outside this umbrella of secrecy.† The President heaved a weighty sigh. The proposal was clear. Restructure NASA to become part of the U.S. military intelligence community. Although similar restructurings had happened with other agencies in the past, Herney refused to entertain the idea of placing NASA under the auspices of the Pentagon, the CIA, the NRO, or any other military directive. The National Security Council was starting to splinter on the issue, many siding with the intelligence community. Lawrence Ekstrom never looked pleased at these meetings, and this was no exception. He shot an acrimonious glare toward the CIA director. â€Å"At the risk of repeating myself, sir, the technologies NASA develops are for nonmilitary, academic applications. If your intelligence community wants to turn one of our space telescopes around and look at China, that's your choice.† The CIA director looked like he was about to boil over. Pickering caught his eye and stepped in. â€Å"Larry,† he said, careful to keep an even tone, â€Å"every year NASA kneels before Congress and begs for money. You're running operations with too little funding, and you're paying the price in failed missions. If we incorporate NASA into the intelligence community, NASA will no longer need to ask Congress for help. You would be funded by the black budget at significantly higher levels. It's a win-win. NASA will have the money it needs to run itself properly, and the intelligence community will have peace of mind that NASA technologies are protected.† Ekstrom shook his head. â€Å"On principle, I cannot endorse painting NASA with that brush. NASA is about space science; we have nothing to do with national security.† The CIA director stood up, something never done when the President was seated. Nobody stopped him. He glared down at the administrator of NASA. â€Å"Are you telling me you think science has nothing to do with national security? Larry, they are synonymous, for God's sake! It is only this country's scientific and technological edge that keeps us secure, and whether we like it or not, NASA is playing a bigger and bigger part in developing those technologies. Unfortunately, your agency leaks like a sieve and has proven time and again that its security is a liability!† The room fell silent. Now the administrator of NASA stood up and locked eyes with his attacker. â€Å"So you suggest locking twenty thousand NASA scientists in airtight military labs and making them work for you? Do you really think NASA's newest space telescopes would have been conceived had it not been for our scientists' personal desire to see deeper into space? NASA makes astonishing breakthroughs for one reason only-our employees want to understand the cosmos more deeply. They are a community of dreamers who grew up staring at starry skies and asking themselves what was up there. Passion and curiosity are what drive NASA's innovation, not the promise of military superiority.† Pickering cleared his throat, speaking softly, trying to lower the temperatures around the table. â€Å"Larry, I'm certain the director is not talking about recruiting NASA scientists to build military satellites. Your NASA mission statement would not change. NASA would carry on business as usual, except you would have increased funding and increased security.† Pickering turned now to the President. â€Å"Security is expensive. Everyone in this room certainly realizes that NASA's security leaks are a result of underfunding. NASA has to toot its own horn, cut corners on security measures, run joint projects with other countries so they can share the price tag. I am proposing that NASA remain the superb, scientific, nonmilitary entity it currently is, but with a bigger budget, and some discretion.† Several members of the security council nodded in quiet agreement. President Herney stood slowly, staring directly at William Pickering, clearly not at all amused with the way Pickering had just taken over. â€Å"Bill, let me ask you this: NASA is hoping to go to Mars in the next decade. How will the intelligence community feel about spending a hefty portion of the black budget running a mission to Mars-a mission that has no immediate national security benefits?† â€Å"NASA will be able to do as they please.† â€Å"Bullshit,† Herney replied flatly. Everyone's eyes shot up. President Herney seldom used profanity. â€Å"If there is one thing I've learned as president,† Herney declared, â€Å"it's that those who control the dollars control the direction. I refuse to put NASA's purse strings in the hands of those who do not share the objectives for which the agency was founded. I can only imagine how much pure science would get done with the military deciding which NASA missions are viable.† Herney's eyes scanned the room. Slowly, purposefully, he returned his rigid gaze to William Pickering. â€Å"Bill,† Herney sighed, â€Å"your displeasure that NASA is engaged in joint projects with foreign space agencies is painfully shortsighted. At least someone is working constructively with the Chinese and Russians. Peace on this planet will not be forged by military strength. It will be forged by those who come together despite their governments' differences. If you ask me, NASA's joint missions do more to promote national security than any billion-dollar spy satellite, and with a hell of a lot better hope for the future.† Pickering felt an anger welling deep within him. How dare a politician talk down to me this way! Herney's idealism played fine in a boardroom, but in the real world, it got people killed. â€Å"Bill,† Marjorie Tench interrupted, as if sensing Pickering was about to explode, â€Å"we know you lost a child. We know this is a personal issue for you.† Pickering heard nothing but condescension in her tone. â€Å"But please remember,† Tench said, â€Å"that the White House is currently holding back a floodgate of investors who want us to open space to the private sector. If you ask me, for all its mistakes, NASA has been one hell of a friend to the intel community. You all might just want to count your blessings.† A rumble strip on the shoulder of the highway jolted Pickering's mind back to the present. His exit was coming up. As he approached the exit for D.C., he passed a bloody deer lying dead by the side of the road. He felt an odd hesitation†¦ but he kept driving. He had a rendezvous to keep. 96 The Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial is one of the largest memorials in the nation. With a park, waterfalls, statuary, alcoves, and basin, the memorial is divided into four outdoor galleries, one for each of FDR's terms in office. A mile from the memorial, a lone Kiowa Warrior coasted in, high over the city, its running lights dimmed. In a town boasting as many VIPs and media crews as D.C., helicopters in the skies were as common as birds flying south. Delta-One knew that as long as he stayed well outside what was known as â€Å"the dome†-a bubble of protected airspace around the White House-he should draw little attention. They would not be here long. The Kiowa was at twenty-one hundred feet when it slowed adjacent to, but not directly over, the darkened FDR Memorial. Delta-One hovered, checking his position. He looked to his left, where Delta-Two was manning the night vision telescopic viewing system. The video feed showed a greenish image of the entry drive of the memorial. The area was deserted.

Pyschology - Aversive Control essays

Pyschology - Aversive Control essays The way in which parents choose to deal with their children plays an important role in the personality they will develop, and the way they handle their own kids. Ive observed several tactics that my aunt uses with her kids and deduced several conclusions from my examination. Generally, problems are initiated over fighting between her two children. She almost always responds to their fighting with a shrill scream of disapproval. Thus, creating an uncomfortable, almost hostile environment in an attempt to stop the children from fighting. The kids immediately try to defend their side of the story as to why the fight began in order to 1) justify their negative behavior and 2) prevent my aunt from being mad at them. My aunt typically becomes so overwhelmed with the bombardment of account and shouting, that she herself screams even louder- threatening the children with the suggestion that they will be sent to their rooms if they dont stop. Consequently, the children have a tendency to cry and receive sympathy from my aunt. Now there are several concepts that can be taken out of this situation and analyzed- the first being the effects of aversive stimuli when dealing with reprimanding children. My aunts screaming to attempt to paralyze the fighting was an aversive stimuli that tells the children, if we dont want to hear her yell anymore, we should stop fighting. Next, she uses a threat of punishment as an aversive stimuli that tells the kids, we should stop arguing, if we want to avoid this punishment. The children respond by crying, an aversive stimuli that causes my aunt to retract her threat and attempt to comfort the children. The main problem with this type of behavior is that no progress is really made. It simply creates a pattern where the kids know how to escape a bad situation. Yes, for the moment it stops the fighting and arguing, but the kids never learn to properly deal w...

Monte Alban - Capital City of the Zapotec Civilization

Monte Alban - Capital City of the Zapotec Civilization Monte Albn is the name of the ruins of an ancient capital city, located in a strange place: on the summit and shoulders of a very high, very steep hill in the middle of the semiarid valley of Oaxaca, in the Mexican state of Oaxaca. One of the most well-studied archaeological sites in the Americas, Monte Alban was the capital of the Zapotec culture from 500 B.C.E. to 700 C.E., reaching a peak population of over 16,500 between 300–500 C.E. The Zapotecs were maize farmers, and made distinctive pottery vessels; they traded with other civilizations in Mesoamerica including Teotihuacan and the Mixtec culture, and perhaps the classic period Maya civilization. They had a market system, for the distribution of goods into the cities, and like many Mesoamerican civilizations, built ball courts for playing ritual games with rubber balls. Chronology 900–1300 C.E. (Epiclassic/Early Postclassic, Monte Albn IV), Monte Alban collapses about 900 C.E., Oaxaca Valley with a more dispersed settlement500–900 C.E. (Late Classic, Monte Albn IIIB), slow decline of Monte Alban, as it and other cities are established as independent city-states, influx of Mixtec groups into the valley250–500 C.E. (Early Classic period, Monte Albn IIIA), Golden Age of Monte Alban, architecture in the main plaza formalized; Oaxaca barrio established at Teotihuacan150 B.C.E.–250 C.E. (Terminal Formative, Monte Albn II), unrest in the valley, rise of the Zapotec state with the center at Monte Albn, city covered about 416 hectares (1,027 acres), with a population of 14,500500–150 B.C.E. (Late Formative, Monte Alban I), Oaxaca valley integrated as a single political entity, city increased to 442 ha (1,092 ac), and population of 17,000, well beyond its ability to feed itself500 B.C.E. (Middle Formative), Monte Alban founded by param ount rulers from San Jose Mogote and others in the Etla valley, site covers about 324 ha (800 ac), population of about 5,000 people The earliest city associated with the Zapotec culture was San Josà © Mogotà ©, in the Etla arm of the Oaxaca Valley and founded about 1600-1400 B.C.E. Archaeological evidence suggests that conflicts arose in San Josà © Mogotà © and other communities in the Etla valley, and that city was abandoned about 500 B.C.E., at the same time that Monte Albn was founded. Founding Monte Alban The Zapotecs built their new capital city in a strange place, probably partly as a defensive move resulting from unrest in the valley. The location in the valley of Oaxaca is on the top of a tall mountain far above and in the middle of three populous valley arms. Monte Alban was far from the nearest water, 4 kilometers (2.5 miles) away and 400 meters (1,300 feet) above, as well as any agricultural fields that would have supported it. Chances are that Monte Albans residential population was not permanently located here.   A city located so far away from the major population it serves is called a disembedded capital, and Monte Albn is one of very few disembedded capitals known in the ancient world. The reason the founders of San Jose moved their city to the top of the hill may have included defense, but perhaps also a bit of public relations- its structures can be seen in many places from the valley arms. Rise and Fall Monte Albans golden age corresponds with the Maya Classic period, when the city grew,  and maintained trade and political relationships with many regional and coastal territories. Expansionist trade relationships included Teotihuacan, where people born in the Oaxaca valley took up residence in a neighborhood, one of several ethnic barrios in that city. Zapotec cultural influences have been noted in Early Classic Puebla sites east of modern-day Mexico City and as far as the gulf coast state of Veracruz, although direct evidence for Oaxacan people living in those locations has not as yet been identified. The power centralization at Monte Alban decreased during the Classic period when an influx of Mixtec populations arrived. Several regional centers such as Lambityeco, Jalieza, Mitla, and Dainzà º-Macuilxà ³chitl rose to become independent city-states by the Late Classic/Early Postclassic periods. None of these matched Monte Albans size at its height. Monumental Architecture at Monte Alban The site of Monte Albn has several memorable extant architectural features, including pyramids, thousands of agricultural terraces, and long deep stone staircases. Also still to be seen today are Los Danzantes, over 300 stone slabs carved between 350–200 B.C.E., featuring life-sized figures which appear to be portraits of slain war captives. Building J, interpreted by some scholars as an astronomical observatory, is a very odd structure indeed, with no right angles on the exterior building- its shape may have been intended to represent an arrowpoint- and a maze of narrow tunnels in the interior. Monte Albns Excavators and Visitors Excavations at Monte Albn have been conducted by Mexican archaeologists Jorge Acosta, Alfonso Caso, and Ignacio Bernal, supplemented by surveys of the Valley of Oaxaca by US archaeologists Kent Flannery, Richard Blanton, Stephen Kowalewski, Gary Feinman, Laura Finsten, and Linda Nicholas. Recent studies include bioarchaeological analysis of skeletal materials, as well as an emphasis on the collapse of Monte Alban and the Late Classic reorganization of the Oaxaca Valley into independent city-states. Today the site awes visitors, with its enormous rectangular plaza with pyramid platforms on the east and west sides. Massive pyramid structures mark the north and south sides of the plaza, and the mysterious Building J lies near its center. Monte Alban was placed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1987.   Sources: Cucina A, Edgar H, and Ragsdale C. 2017. Oaxaca and its neighbors in Prehispanic times: Population movements from the perspective of dental morphological traits. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 13:751-758. ï » ¿Faulseit RK. 2012. State collapse and household resilience in the Oaxaca Valley of Mexico. Latin American Antiquity 23(4):401-425. Feinman G, and Nicholas LM. 2015. After Monte Alban in the Central Valleys of Oaxaca: A reassessment. In: Faulseit RK, editor. Beyond Collapse: Archaeological Perspectives on Resilience, Revitalization, and Transformation in Complex Societies. Carbondale: Southern Illinios University Press. p 43-69. Higelin Ponce de Leà ³n R, and Hepp GD. 2017. Talking with the dead from southern Mexico: Tracing bioarchaeological foundations and new perspectives in Oaxaca. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 13:697-702. Redmond EM, and Spencer CS. 2012. Chiefdoms at the threshold: The competitive origins of the primary state. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 31(1):22-37.

Who I am Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Who I am - Essay Example My migration to the United States was a significant event in my life. Although I took some time to adjust to the new culture, I gradually started feeling at home. I started seeing the merits of the American values. I also greatly admire and enjoy the freedoms that the citizens are entitled. I have a total of 8 siblings – 3 brothers and 5 sisters. I am the youngest of them all. We are a closely knit family. My mother took the sole responsibility of raising all of us, in the absence of my father. My mother struggled hard to keep the family afloat and it is to her that I am most indebted. Her hard work had paid off and we are all successful in our lives today. I do not have any friends. However, my extended family provides me with all the warmth and companionship that I require. I cherish the moments of love and care that I shared with my brothers and sisters. Being the last child of the family, I was particularly well looked after by everyone. Some of my brothers and sisters live in different parts of the country. But we are in regular contact and the distance has not diminished our mutual concern. My mother especially enjoys visiting all her children scattered across this expansive country of ours. I am married and have two children. The elder one is Theresa, who is 3 and half years old. The younger one is Alicia, who is 17 months old. I have a very supporting husband who can understand and relate to all my concerns and worries. My children bring such joy into my life. I am keen on providing them with quality education and all the assistance and guidance to fulfill their potentials. My husband and children are very dear to me. My well being is directly connected to my family’s wellbeing. This is another motivation for my getting professionally qualified. On successful completion of this course on Radiology, I would be eligible to seek a job as a Radiologist in a hospital laboratory. The